Exposure to Pesticides: Human Health Effects

In the last half of the last century, worldwide pesticide production increased at a rate of about 11% per year, from 0.2 million tons in the 1950s to more than five million tons in 2000.¹ What’s more, it is estimated that only 0.1% of applied pesticides reach the target pests, leaving the vast majority of the chemicals (99.9%) to affect the environment.¹

Pesticides have been associated with short- and long-term effects on human health, including elevated cancer risks and disruption of the body’s reproductive, immune, endocrine, and nervous systems.² Exposure to pesticides can come through residues in food—either on or within fruits and vegetables or in the tissues of fish and other animals we eat, through contaminated drinking water, or in the air we breathe.²

In 2013, the first incidence study of pesticides and cancer was conducted in Turkey, suggesting a statistically significant relationship between an increase in multiple myeloma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and malignant melanoma with an increase in heavy exposure to pesticides within greenhouses.³ In 2014, a population-based case-control study was conducted among people residing in 10 health districts from Andalusia (south Spain) to estimate the risk of cancer at different sites.⁴ Data was collected by computerized hospital records between 1998 and 2005, and results showed that prevalence rates and the risk of cancer at most organ sites were significantly higher in districts with greater pesticide use relative to those with lower pesticide use.⁴

A September 2018 study found associations between various agricultural crops and the risk of lung cancer; winegrowers were at a higher risk of adenocarcinoma, pea growers were associated with small-cell lung cancer, and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma was increased for sunflower growing, fruit tree pruning, and pesticide use on beets.⁵

Neonicotinoid pesticides are members of a relatively new class of chemicals registered in 120 countries for their use in crops like corn, canola, soybeans, and the majority of fruits and vegetables.⁶ In addition to being toxic to birds and mammals, neonicotinoids have been associated with colony collapse disorder in honey bees. Studies suggest that in humans, these neonicotinoids, and atrazine as well, are effective inducers of aromatase in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. A 2018 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives for the first time demonstrated in vitro that neonicotinoids may stimulate a change in the enzyme aromatase (CYP19) in a promoter-specific manner similar to that observed in patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer.⁶

REFERENCES

1. Carvalho FP. Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food Energy Secur. 2017;(6)2:48-60. doi:10.1002/fes3.108.
2. Horrigan L, Lawrence RS, Walker P. How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(5):445-456. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110445.
3. Uysal M, Bozcuk H, Karakilinc H, et al. Pesticides and cancer: the first incidence study conducted in Turkey. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2013;32(3):245-249.
4. Parrón T, Requena M, Hernández AF, Alarcón R. Environmental exposure to pesticides and cancer risk in multiple human organ systems. Toxicol Lett. 2014;230(2):157-165. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.009.
5. Boulanger M, Tual S, Lemarchand C, et al. Lung cancer risk and occupational exposures in crop farming: results from the AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort [published online September 5, 2018]. Occup Environ Med. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104976.
6. Caron-Beaudoin É, Denison MS, Sanderson JT. Effects of neonicotinoids on promoter-specific expression and activity of aromatase (CYP19) in human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) and primary umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Toxicol Sci. 2016;149(1):134-144. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv220.